EMC/EMI/ESD Standards for Measurement, Control, and Laboratory Equipment
This web site is being maintained by John R. Barnes, who was the President
and Chief Engineer of dBi Corporation from 2002 to September 30, 2013,
when we closed because ObamaCrap made it too expensive for us to remain in
business.
John R. Barnes KS4GL, PE, NCE, NCT, ESDC Eng, ESDC Tech, PSE, Master EMC
Design Engineer, SM IEEE
December 19, 2010
jrbarnes@iglou.com
This category includes electrical/ electronic products that:
- Measure/ indicate/ record electrical or non- electrical quantities.
- Generate electrical signals.
- Control output quantities to specific values.
- Measure/ indicate/ monitor/ analyze substances.
If these products are unintentional radiators, and may be used in residential,
commercial, and light-industry environments, most nations require them to
meet:
- Class B Radiated Emission limits.
- Class B Conducted Emission limits on alternating- current (AC) plugs.
If these products are unintentional radiators, and are to be used only in
industrial environments, most nations only require them to meet:
- Class A Radiated Emission limits.
- Class A Conducted Emission limits on alternating- current (AC) plugs.
The European Union, Australia, and New Zealand also require these products to
meet:
- Class A Conducted Emissions limits on direct- current (DC) power inputs
and outputs.
- Class B/ A Conducted Emissions limits on phone lines, telecommunication
cables, and local area networks (LAN's).
- Harmonics limits on AC plugs.
- Flicker limits on AC plugs.
- Immunity limits on:
- Enclosures.
- AC power inputs and outputs.
- Direct- current (DC) inputs and outputs.
- Signal cables.
If these (unintentional radiator) products may be used in residential,
commercial, and light- industrial environments, they fall into
Class B.
If these (unintentional radiator) products may be used only in industrial
environments, they fall into
Class A.
Thus, to be sold worldwide, these
Class B
(unintentional radiator) products must meet:
Combining all of these requirements:
Radiated Emissions
must be measured from (FCC Part 15-2008 Paragraph 15.33(b)(1)):
- 30MHz-1GHz if the maximum clock frequency is <108MHz.
- 30MHz-2GHz if the maximum clock frequency is 108-500MHz.
- 30MHz-5GHz if the maximum clock frequency is 500-1000MHz.
- 30MHz to the 5th harmonic of the maximum clock frequency, or 40GHz,
whichever is lower, if the maximum clock frequency is >1000MHz.
The
Radiated Emissions
limits are:
- 30dBuV/m quasi-peak for 30-230MHz at 10m distance (CISPR 22 Class B).
- 37dBuV/m quasi-peak for 230-1000MHz at 10m distance (CISPR 22 Class
B).
- 54dBuV/m average and 74dBuV/m peak, above 1GHz at 3m distance (FCC
Part 15-2008 Paragraphs 15.35(b) and 15.109(a)).
Conducted Emissions
on AC plugs must be measured from 150kHz-30MHz, with the limits:
- 56-46dBuV average and 66-56dBuV quasi-peak for 150-500kHz (decreasing
linearly with the logarithm of the frequency, CISPR 22 Class B).
- 46dBuV average and 56dBuV quasi-peak for 500kHz-5MHz (CISPR 22 Class B).
- 50dBuV average and 60dBuV quasi-peak for 5-30MHz (CISPR 22 Class B).
- Discontinuous disturbances must meet Section 4.3 of
Conducted Emissions
on DC ports that connect to DC power networks, or that connect to a battery
with a cable longer than 30m, must be measured from 150kHz-30MHz, with the
limits:
- 66dBuV average and 79dBuV quasi-peak for 150-500kHz (CISPR 22 Class A).
- 60dBuV average and 73dBuV quasi-peak for 500kHz-30MHz (CISPR 22 Class
A).
Conducted Emissions
on phone lines, telecommunication ports and network ports must be measured
from 150kHz-30MHz, with the limits:
- 74-64dBuV average and 84-74dBuV quasi-peak for 150-500kHz (decreasing
linearly with the logarithm of the frequency, CISPR 22 Class B).
- 64dBuV average and 74dBuV quasi-peak for 500kHz-30MHz (CISPR 22 Class
B).
- 30-20dBuA average and 40-30dBuA quasi-peak for 150-500kHz (decreasing
linearly with the logarithm of the frequency, CISPR 22 Class B).
- 20dBuA average and 30dBuA quasi-peak for 500kHz-30MHz (CISPR 22 Class
B).
Personal computers, personal computer monitors, and television sets, with a
rated power <=600W, must meet the EN 61000-3-2 (AS/NZS 61000.3.2) Class D
(Table 3)
Harmonics
limits. Lighting equipment must meet the Class C (Table 2) Harmonics limits.
Portable tools and non-professional arc-welding equipment must meet the
Class B (1.5 times Table 1) Harmonics limits. All other products must meet
Class A (Table 1) Harmonics limits. Section 7 exempts certain products from
these Harmonics requirements:
- Non-lighting equipment with a rated power <=75W (this may be changed to
<=50W sometime in the future).
- Professional equipment with a rated power >1000W.
- Symmetrically-controlled heating elements with a rated power <=200W.
- Incandescent-lamp dimmers with a rated power <=1000W.
Products that are unlikely to produce significant voltage fluctuations, or
flicker, do not have to be tested for
Flicker
(EN 61000.3.2 Section 6,1). Otherwise products must be tested to EN 61000-3-3
(AS/NZS 61000.3.3).
Products must meet EN 61000-4-2 (AS/NZS 61000.4.2) to Performance Criterion B
for
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
up to:
- +/-4kV for contact discharges.
- +/-8kV for air discharges.
Indirect discharges to the horizontal coupling plane and vertical coupling
plane only have to be tested at +/-4kV. Contact and air discharges to the
product must be tested at the limit voltages and at intermediate voltages.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-3 (AS/NZS 61000.4.3) to performance criterion A
for
radiated electromagnetic fields
with 80% amplitude modulation at 1kHz, at:
- 3V/m for 80-1000MHz.
- 3V/m for 1.4-2.0GHz.
- 1V/m for 2.0-2.7GHz.
For the next three sets of tests, if a product is supplied with an alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC) adapter, we test the adapter's AC input,
and do not test the adapter's DC output or the product's DC input.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-4 (AS/NZS 61000.4.4) to performance criterion B
for
Electrical Fast Transient/Bursts (EFTB) at 5kHz, at
- +/-1kV on AC inputs/ outputs.
- +/-1kV on DC inputs/ outputs with cables longer than 3m.
- +/-0.5kV on signal and control ports with cables longer than 3m.
- +/-1kV on signal and control ports connected directly to the AC mains.
- +/-1kV on AC protective earth.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-5 (AS/NZS 61000.4.5) to performance criterion B
for
Surges, at
- +/-2kV line-to-earth and +/-1kV line-to-line on AC inputs/ outputs.
- +/-1kV line-to-earth and +/-0.5kV line-to-line on DC input/ output
ports with cables longer than 3m.
- +/-0.5kV line-to-earth and +/-0.5kV line-to-line on DC input/ output
ports intended to be connected to DC distribution networks.
- +/-1kV line-to-earth on signal and control ports to long-distance
lines.
- +/-1kV line-to-earth and +/-0.5kV line-to-line on signal and control
ports connected directly to the AC mains.
- +/-1kV line-to-earth on protective earth.
For surge tests, the product must be tested at the limit voltages and at
intermediate voltages.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-6 (AS/NZS 61000.4.6) to performance criterion A
for
Conducted Immunity
with 80% amplitude modulation at 1kHz, for 150KHz-80MHz, at:
- 3V on AC input/ output ports.
- 3V on DC input/ output ports with cables longer than 3m.
- 3V on signal and control ports with cables longer than 3m.
- 3V on signal and control ports connected directly to the AC mains.
- 3V on protective earth.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-8 (AS/NZS 61000.4.8) to performance criterion A
for 3A/m
magnetic fields
at 50Hz and 60Hz.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-11 (AS/NZS 61000.4.11) to performance criterion
B for
Voltage Dips:
- To 0V for 1/2 cycles on AC inputs.
- To 0V for single cycles on AC inputs.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-11 (AS/NZS 61000.4.11) to performance criterion
C on AC voltage inputs, for:
- Voltage Dips to 70% of nominal AC voltage lasting 0.5 seconds.
- Voltage Interruptions to 0V lasting 5 seconds.
Thus, to be sold worldwide, these
Class A
(unintentional radiator) products must meet:
Combining all of these requirements:
Radiated Emissions
must be measured from (FCC Part 15-2008 Paragraph 15.33(b)(1)):
- 30MHz-1GHz if the maximum clock frequency is <108MHz.
- 30MHz-2GHz if the maximum clock frequency is 108-500MHz.
- 30MHz-5GHz if the maximum clock frequency is 500-1000MHz.
- 30MHz to the 5th harmonic of the maximum clock frequency, or 40GHz,
whichever is lower, if the maximum clock frequency is >1000MHz.
The
Radiated Emissions
limits are:
- 40dBuV/m quasi-peak for 30-230MHz at 10m distance (CISPR 22 Class A).
- 47dBuV/m quasi-peak for 230-1000MHz at 10m distance (CISPR 22 Class
A).
- 49.5dBuV/m average and 69.5dBuV/m peak, above 1GHz at 10m distance (FCC
Part 15-2008 Paragraphs 15.35(b) and 15.109(b)).
Conducted Emissions
on AC plugs must be measured from 150kHz-30MHz, with the limits:
- 66dBuV average and 79dBuV quasi-peak for 150-500kHz (CISPR 22 Class A).
- 60dBuV average and 73dBuV quasi-peak for 500kHz-30MHz (CISPR 22 Class
A).
Conducted Emissions
on phone lines, telecommunication ports and network ports must be measured
from 150kHz-30MHz, with the limits:
- 84-74dBuV average and 97-87dBuV quasi-peak for 150-500kHz (decreasing
linearly with the logarithm of the frequency, CISPR 22 Class A).
- 74dBuV average and 87dBuV quasi-peak for 500kHz-30MHz (CISPR 22 Class
A).
- 40-30dBuA average and 53-43dBuA quasi-peak for 150-500kHz (decreasing
linearly with the logarithm of the frequency, CISPR 22 Class A).
- 30dBuA average and 43dBuA quasi-peak for 500kHz-30MHz (CISPR 22 Class
A).
Personal computers, personal computer monitors, and television sets, with a
rated power <=600W, must meet the EN 61000-3-2 (AS/NZS 61000.3.2) Class D
(Table 3)
Harmonics
limits. Lighting equipment must meet the Class C (Table 2) Harmonics limits.
Portable tools and non-professional arc-welding equipment must meet the
Class B (1.5 times Table 1) Harmonics limits. All other products must meet
Class A (Table 1) Harmonics limits. Section 7 exempts certain products from
these Harmonics requirements:
- Non-lighting equipment with a rated power <=75W (this may be changed to
<=50W sometime in the future).
- Professional equipment with a rated power >1000W.
- Symmetrically-controlled heating elements with a rated power <=200W.
- Incandescent-lamp dimmers with a rated power <=1000W.
Products that are unlikely to produce significant voltage fluctuations, or
flicker, do not have to be tested for
Flicker
(EN 61000.3.2 Section 6,1). Otherwise products must be tested to EN 61000-3-3
(AS/NZS 61000.3.3).
Products must meet EN 61000-4-2 (AS/NZS 61000.4.2) to Performance Criterion B
for
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
up to:
- +/-4kV for contact discharges.
- +/-8kV for air discharges.
Indirect discharges to the horizontal coupling plane and vertical coupling
plane only have to be tested at +/-4kV. Contact and air discharges to the
product must be tested at the limit voltages and at intermediate voltages.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-3 (AS/NZS 61000.4.3) to performance criterion A
for
radiated electromagnetic fields
with 80% amplitude modulation at 1kHz, at:
- 10V/m for 80-1000MHz.
- 3V/m for 1.4-2.0GHz.
- 1V/m for 2.0-2.7GHz.
For the next three sets of tests, if a product is supplied with an alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC) adapter, we test the adapter's AC input,
and do not test the adapter's DC output or the product's DC input.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-4 (AS/NZS 61000.4.4) to performance criterion B
for
Electrical Fast Transient/Bursts (EFTB) at 5kHz, at
- +/-2kV on AC inputs/ outputs.
- +/-2kV on DC input ports permanently connected to cables longer than 3m.
- +/-2kV on DC input/ output ports that connect to DC distribution
networks.
- +/-1kV on DC input/ output ports with cables longer than 3m.
- +/-1kV on signal and telecommunication ports with cables longer than
3m.
- +/-2kV on signal and telecommunication ports connected directly to the
AC mains.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-5 (AS/NZS 61000.4.5) to performance criterion B
for
Surges, at
- +/-2kV line-to-earth and +/-1kV line-to-line on AC inputs/ outputs.
- +/-2kV line-to-earth and +/-1kV line-to-line on DC input/ output
ports that connect to DC distribution networks.
- +/-1kV line-to-earth on DC input/ output ports connected to long-
distance lines.
- +/-1kV line-to-earth on signal and telecommunication ports with cables
longer than 30m, or connected to long- distance lines.
- +/-2kV line-to-earth and +/-1kV line-to-line on signal and
telecommunication ports connected directly to the AC mains.
For surge tests, the product must be tested at the limit voltages and at
intermediate voltages.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-6 (AS/NZS 61000.4.6) to performance criterion A
for
Conducted Immunity
with 80% amplitude modulation at 1kHz, for 150KHz-80MHz, at:
- 10V on AC input/ output ports.
- 10V on DC input/ output ports.
- 10V on signal and telecommunication ports with cables longer than 3m.
- 3V on signal and telecommunication ports connected directly to the AC
mains.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-8 (AS/NZS 61000.4.8) to performance criterion A
for 30A/m
magnetic fields
at 50Hz and 60Hz.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-11 (AS/NZS 61000.4.11) to performance criterion
B for
Voltage Dips
to 0V for single cycles on AC inputs.
Products must meet EN 61000-4-11 (AS/NZS 61000.4.11) to performance criterion
C on AC inputs, for:
- Voltage Dips to 40% of nominal AC voltage lasting 0.2 seconds.
- Voltage Dips to 70% of nominal AC voltage lasting 0.5 seconds.
- Voltage Interruptions to 0V lasting 5 seconds.
DISCLAIMER
These web pages are freely offered to anyone who wishes to use them. No
warranty for their use is expressed or implied. The most-current versions may
be downloaded from the our web site at
http://www.dbicorporation.com/.
These web pages can point you to regulations and standards applying to your
product(s), but please refer to the regulations and standards themselves when
deciding how to test your product(s). A regulation's or standard's title
gives you strong clues as to what it covers, but its scope (usually section 1)
tells you for sure. Carefully check the footnotes in tables, to see if your
product falls into an exception that lets you avoid unnecessary tests (or
sometimes requires additional special testing). Exceptions that can help you
also sometimes hide in the Test Setup section (usually section 7). Also check
the Test Report section (usually section 10) for any special documentation
required.
COMMENTS
If you refer to one or more of these documents in written communications, please
attribute them to
http://www.dbicorporation.com/.
Similarly, if you link to them from your own web page(s), we would appreciate
an E-mail to
jrbarnes@iglou.com giving the
universal resource link (URL) so that we may provide a reciprocal link.
Please send critiques, corrections, and/or additions to
jrbarnes@iglou.com , or
by snailmail to:
John Barnes
216 Hillsboro Ave
Lexington, KY 40511-2105
dBi Corporation was a
one-man test house (testing laboratory) based in Lexington, Kentucky, testing
a wide variety of commercial electronic products for electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC), electromagnetic interference (EMI), and electrostatic
discharge (ESD) under its ISO 17025 accreditation. dBi was founded in
Winchester, Kentucky in 1995 by Donald R. Bush, shortly after he retired from
30 years service with IBM Lexington's/ Lexmark's EMC Lab. John R. Barnes,
who'd worked with Don at IBM Lexington and Lexmark, bought dBi in 2002
after Don's death, and moved the company to Lexington, Kentucky. John closed
dBi at 11:59pm EDT on September 30, 2013, because ObamaCrap had
increased operating expenses to the point that we could no longer afford to
remain in business.
We'd like to thank all of the clients who chose dBi to test their
products from 1995 to 2013. Below is a brief summary of our accomplishments
during the 18 years we were in business.
From 1995 to 2001, under Don Bush's ownership and operation, dBi:
- Did the official approval testing of 141 products developed by 20
client companies.
- Did the official FCC/ Industry Canada (IC) Verification and Declaration
of Conformity (DoC) testing of 92 products.
- Did the official FCC/IC Certification testing of 15 products.
- Did the official CE Marking testing of 100 products.
From 2002 to 2013, under John Barnes' ownership and operation, dBi:
- Tested 389 products and 2 testers developed by 44 client companies.
- Did the official approval testing of 357 products and 2 testers, getting
all but 5 of them to meet all of the FCC, Industry Canada
(IC), CE Marking, C-Tick, and Regulatory Compliance Mark (RCM) standards
and requirements for their desired market areas.
- Did the official FCC/IC Verification and Declaration of Conformity (DoC)
testing of 296 products.
- Did the official FCC/IC Certification testing of 24 products.
- Did the official CE Marking testing of 271 products and 2 testers.
- Did the official e-Mark testing of 3 products.
- Did the official Australia/New Zealand Verification testing of 170
products.
- Co-sponsored John's writing the
Robust Electronic Design Reference Book,
Volumes I and II.
- Served as an expert witness on electronics in three lawsuits.
Last revised December 19, 2010.
